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Beginner’s guide to using terminal on Linux Mint

We'll provide a step-by-step guide to using the terminal on Linux Mint, from opening the terminal to executing commands. With this knowledge, you'll be able to navigate and utilize the terminal with ease, whether you're installing software, managing files, or troubleshooting issues.

Linux Mint is an open-source operating system known for its ease of use, reliability, and security. It is based on Ubuntu and Debian and comes with various pre-installed software packages that make it suitable for personal and professional use. One of the most powerful and versatile tools in Linux Mint is its renowned terminal, which allows users to interact directly with the system through a command-line interface.

While the terminal can seem intimidating to new users, it is essential for those who want to take full advantage of the system’s capabilities. In this article, we will provide a beginner’s guide to using the terminal on Linux Mint. It covers everything from basic commands to advanced customization options so that even someone without experience with the terminal can learn how to use it effectively. By the end, readers will have a solid understanding of the terminal’s features and be able to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently. You will be pleasantly surprised to learn what your Linux Mint terminal can do. Here is a list of the 7 best open-source terminal web browsers.

Getting started with the Ubuntu terminal

Step 1: Click on the “Menu” button in the screen’s bottom-left corner.

Opening the Cinnamon menu

Step 2: Navigate to the “Administration” menu and click on “Terminal” to open the default terminal emulator, also known as Cinnamon Terminal. Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut “Ctrl + Alt + T” to open the terminal directly.

 

Opening the Linux Mint terminal

Step 3: Once you have opened the terminal, you will see a window with a command prompt that looks something like this:

Linux Mint terminal

The prompt shows the username of the current user, followed by the computer’s hostname, and then the current working directory. Finally, the “$” symbol indicates that the terminal is ready to accept commands. The terminal interface consists of a command line and a shell. The command line is where you type your commands, while the shell is the program that interprets and executes those commands. In Linux Mint, the default shell is called Bash (short for Bourne-Again SHell), one of the most common in the Linux world.

In addition to the prompt, the terminal window has a title bar, a menu bar, and a toolbar. The title bar displays the terminal emulator’s name and the current session’s title. The menu bar contains various menus that allow you to customize the terminal emulator’s settings. At the same time, the toolbar provides quick access to some commonly used features, such as copy and paste. A terminal emulator client is a graphical application that allows you shell access to the host machine using intuitive commands. Now that you know the interface, let’s move on to some basic commands.

Basic commands to use in the terminal

This section will introduce you to some of the most commonly used terminal commands in Linux Mint. These commands are fundamental to interacting with the file system and performing various tasks on the command line.

ls – List files

ls command lists the files and directories in the current working directory. When you type ls and press enter, the terminal will display a list of all the files and directories (not their sub-directories) in the current location.

ls

Listing files

cd – Change directory

cd command is used to change the current working directory. To change the directory, you need to provide the path of the directory you want to navigate to. You can use either absolute or relative paths. For example, you would use cd /home/user/Desktop or cd Desktop (if you are already in the home directory).

cd Desktop

Changing the working directory to Desktop

mkdir – Make directory

mkdir command is used to create a new directory. To create a directory, you need to provide its name. Terminal, by default, creates it in the current location.

mkdir new-directory

Creating a new directory

rm – Remove files

rm command is used to remove files from a particular directory. To remove a file, append this command with the file name you want to delete.

cd new-directory

rm document1

 

Removing a file from a directory

Note: Be careful when using the rm command, as it permanently deletes files and directories without sending them to the trash. Therefore, it is recommended to always double-check the file name before using this command.

These are just a few of the many commands in the Linux Mint terminal. The following section will show you how to navigate the file system.

Navigating the file system

Navigating the file system is an important part of using the terminal on Linux Mint. This section will show you how to navigate the Linux file system using some more basic terminal commands.

pwd – Print working directory

The pwd command is used to print the current working directory. When you type pwd and press enter, the terminal displays the full path of the current working directory starting from the root. It allows you to locate yourself in the file system.

pwd

Printing the working directory

rmdir – Remove directory

Instead of removing files individually, you may have to remove an entire directory simultaneously. rmdir command is used for this purpose. However, it is important to note that the directory must be empty for this to work.

rmdir new-directory

Removing an existing directory

chmod – Change file & folder permissions

chmod command is used to change the permissions of a file or folder. You can use various options and a combination of numbers to set the desired permissions.

chmod 644 myfile.txt

Changing file permissions

These are just a few commands for navigating the Linux file system using the terminal. With practice, you will become more comfortable with them and able to navigate the entire width of the system quickly and more efficiently.

Working with files

In this section, we will show you how to create, open, edit, and delete files using the terminal and how to use popular text editors like Nano, Vim, and Emacs.

To create a new file, you can use the touch command followed by the file name you want to create. Alternatively, you can use a text editor for this task.

touch myfile.txt

 

Creating a new text file

You can use a text editor to open a file in the terminal. Nano is the most straightforward editor to use, making it a good choice for beginners. To open a file using Nano, type nano followed by the file’s name.

Opening a text file with Nano

When you open a file in Nano, you can edit the file directly in the terminal. The basic commands for editing text in Nano are shown at the bottom of the screen. You can use the arrow keys to move the cursor and various keyboard shortcuts to perform different actions.

Nano keyboard shortcuts

To save and exit a file in Nano, press Ctrl + X to exit, then press Y to save the changes. You will be prompted to confirm the file name and location.

Vim and Emacs are more powerful text editors but have steeper learning curves. Both have a wide range of features and can be customized extensively. However, most of the basic command line tasks have similar syntax and, therefore, can be interchanged between any of the widely used editors.

Installing and managing software via terminal

One of the major benefits of using Linux Mint is the ease with which you can install and manage software packages. This section will show you how to use the apt-get and dpkg commands to install and manage new software on Linux Mint.

To install a software package, you can use the apt-get command followed by the package name you want to install. The apt-get command automatically downloads and installs the package and any required dependencies.

sudi apt-get install firefox

 

Installing firefox with the apt-get command

For removing a particular package, use the same command with the remove parameter. Doing so deletes that package while keeping the configuration data.

sudo apt-get remove firefox

Removing firefox with apt-get

You can also update or upgrade packages with the apt-get update command. This downloads the latest package information from the software repositories and automatically swaps them with the currently installed versions.

sudo apt-get update

Updating packages with apt-get

In addition to the apt-get command, you can use dpkg to manage local packages. The dpkg command allows you to install, remove, and query information about all local packages supported by the Linux Mint system.

To install a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -i parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -i package.deb

Installing a local package

To remove a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -r parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -r package.deb

Removing a local package

To query information about a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -s parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -s package.deb

Querying information about a local package

Customizing the Ubuntu terminal

The terminal on Linux Mint can be customized to suit individual preferences, making working with it more comfortable and efficient. In this section, we will discuss some ways to customize the terminal.

Changing the color scheme

The default color scheme of the terminal on Linux Mint may not be suitable for everyone. To change the color scheme, open the terminal and go to Edit > Preferences. Click on the “Colors” tab to see a list of available color schemes. Choose the one that suits your preferences, or create your own by clicking the “Custom” button.

Changing the color scheme

Changing the font size

If the terminal’s font size is too small or too large, you may change it. First, open the terminal and go to Edit > Preferences. Next, click on the Appearance tab to see options to change the font, font size, and font color.

Changing the font size

Adding aliases

Aliases are shortcuts that can replace long commands with shorter ones. This can save time and make working with the terminal more efficient. To add an alias, open the terminal and edit the .bashrc file in your home directory using a text editor like Nano. Add the alias command to the file, and save the changes.

alias ll = 'ls-alF'

Adding aliases

This command creates an alias for the ls -alF command, which lists all files in the current directory with detailed information.

Customizing the prompt

The prompt is the text that appears before the command prompt in the terminal. By customizing the prompt, you can make navigating the file system easier or display information such as the current user or hostname. To customize the prompt, edit the .bashrc file in your home directory using Nano. Then, add the following code to the file, and save the changes.

Working with files

In this section, we will show you how to create, open, edit, and delete files using the terminal and how to use popular text editors like Nano, Vim, and Emacs.

To create a new file, you can use the touch command followed by the file name you want to create. Alternatively, you can use a text editor for this task.

touch myfile.txt

 

Creating a new text file

You can use a text editor to open a file in the terminal. Nano is the most straightforward editor to use, making it a good choice for beginners. To open a file using Nano, type nano followed by the file’s name.

 

Opening a text file with Nano

When you open a file in Nano, you can edit the file directly in the terminal. The basic commands for editing text in Nano are shown at the bottom of the screen. You can use the arrow keys to move the cursor and various keyboard shortcuts to perform different actions.

Nano keyboard shortcuts

To save and exit a file in Nano, press Ctrl + X to exit, then press Y to save the changes. You will be prompted to confirm the file name and location.

Vim and Emacs are more powerful text editors but have steeper learning curves. Both have a wide range of features and can be customized extensively. However, most of the basic command line tasks have similar syntax and, therefore, can be interchanged between any of the widely used editors.

Installing and managing software via terminal

One of the major benefits of using Linux Mint is the ease with which you can install and manage software packages. This section will show you how to use the apt-get and dpkg commands to install and manage new software on Linux Mint.

To install a software package, you can use the apt-get command followed by the package name you want to install. The apt-get command automatically downloads and installs the package and any required dependencies.

sudi apt-get install firefox

 

Installing firefox with the apt-get command

For removing a particular package, use the same command with the remove parameter. Doing so deletes that package while keeping the configuration data.

sudo apt-get remove firefox

Removing firefox with apt-get

You can also update or upgrade packages with the apt-get update command. This downloads the latest package information from the software repositories and automatically swaps them with the currently installed versions.

sudo apt-get update

Updating packages with apt-get

In addition to the apt-get command, you can use dpkg to manage local packages. The dpkg command allows you to install, remove, and query information about all local packages supported by the Linux Mint system.

To install a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -i parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -i package.deb

Installing a local package

To remove a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -r parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -r package.deb

Removing a local package

To query information about a local package, enter the dpkg command followed by the -s parameter and then the package name.

sudo dpkg -s package.deb

Customizing the Ubuntu terminal

The terminal on Linux Mint can be customized to suit individual preferences, making working with it more comfortable and efficient. In this section, we will discuss some ways to customize the terminal.

Changing the color scheme

The default color scheme of the terminal on Linux Mint may not be suitable for everyone. To change the color scheme, open the terminal and go to Edit > Preferences. Click on the “Colors” tab to see a list of available color schemes. Choose the one that suits your preferences, or create your own by clicking the “Custom” button.

Changing the color scheme

Changing the font size

If the terminal’s font size is too small or too large, you may change it. First, open the terminal and go to Edit > Preferences. Next, click on the Appearance tab to see options to change the font, font size, and font color.

Changing the font size

Adding aliases

Aliases are shortcuts that can replace long commands with shorter ones. This can save time and make working with the terminal more efficient. To add an alias, open the terminal and edit the .bashrc file in your home directory using a text editor like Nano. Add the alias command to the file, and save the changes.

alias ll = 'ls-alF'

Adding aliases

This command creates an alias for the ls -alF command, which lists all files in the current directory with detailed information.

Customizing the prompt

The prompt is the text that appears before the command prompt in the terminal. By customizing the prompt, you can make navigating the file system easier or display information such as the current user or hostname. To customize the prompt, edit the .bashrc file in your home directory using Nano. Then, add the following code to the file, and save the changes.

15 Very Useful Linux Commands that everyone should master!

Linux Terminal Command Reference

System Info

date – Show the current date and time
cal – Show this month's calendar
uptime – Show current uptime

Read more: Linux Terminal Command Reference

The 5-Minute Linux Essential Shell Tutorial

Alright, far too often (especially in the IRC channels) there is a time where even the most beginner of users are faced with the terminal.  It has many names: terminal, shell, console, "command prompt" even as a carryover from those familiar with Windows.  Many people are frightened by it for some reason or another, so this tutorial will attempt to provide you the most basic of commands to enable navigation and basic system actions from the comfort of your keyboard.

Let's get started shall we?  Since everyone's Mint version can be different, I'm not going to detail how to actually open the terminal.  I'll assume you can find it in the menu or by right-clicking in the desktop.

Facts:

1. You can do almost anything in a terminal which you would also do from a GUI interface.
    
2. Most commands were designed first to work in the terminal, then a GUI put on top of them.  That's why some GUI's may feel clunky - they were an afterthought at times.
    
3. The default location for your terminal to open from the menu is in your home folder, also known as ~
    
4. Your current directory can be noted by the . operator.  Most commands when they act on the current folder selection, operate on .
    
5. Commands, locations, and files are case sensitive.  /home is not the same as /HOME or /Home.
    
6. Use the tab key to complete file names.  If you have a long driver titled, for example,
   driver-128947232jaseu.sh, simply type dri and it will fill in the rest, provided you don't have 2 names starting with "dri" and if you do, add another character to make it "driv" and try again.
    
7. Almost any command can be read about in full using the manpage or by typing -h or --help after writing the initial command.  This syntax is either man command_name,  command_name -h, or command_name --help.
    
8. To get even more information, you can use info.  A command can be searched for by using info command_name.  For most of these commands which are part of the coreutils package, one can find info as well using info coreutils command_name invocation where command_name is replaced by the command searched for.
    
9. Almost any command can also explicitly display what is happening.  This is done usually by the -v or --verbose
    
10. You can specify multiple command flags to a command at a time to get more information (see the ls -al example below.)
     
11. Command names are not always obtuse - due to space limitations in the old days of Unix they were shortened, and the conventions stuck.

Commands:

cd -> Used to navigate the directories.  You can move to any location by path.

1. cd This will move you back to your home, same as cd ~
2. cd .. This will take you back exactly one directory.  Starting in /home/justin/Desktop, cd .. will put me into /home/justin.  This can be expanded upon, cd ../../ from the Desktop location instead will move me 2 back, from my Desktop to /home.
3. cd foldername/ This will move you forward to the given folder in your current folder.  Take note of the missing prefix / it is an important omission.  if I am in /home/justin and I want to get to Desktop, I must type cd Desktop/ without the / before Desktop.  Typing / before it places us in the root of file system, which is incorrect.
4. cd /some/other/path This will take you to the specified folder path, supposing it exists as typed exactly.  Don't forget your tab completion!

ls -> Used to list folder contents.  You can view many kinds of file and folder attributes.

1. ls By itself, ls will simply list all your files in the current folder.  From fact #4, this literally does ls .
2. ls -l Provides a longer listing format including owners, permissions, size, and date modified.
3. ls -a Displays hidden files and folders as well as the normal listing.
4. ls -al Combine options to display both hidden files and in the long format.
5. ls -h Show file sizes in human readable format (K, M, Gbyte) filesizes instead of bytes.  Often used in conjuction with the -l flag.
6. You can view files in directories you are not even in.  If I am in /home/justin/Desktop, and I want to view a file in /home/justin, I can do ls ../ list files one directory back (and not have to go back to do so.)

cp -> Copy files

1. cp file /path/to/folder Copies specified file to the given path.
2. cp -r folder /path/to/folder  Copies recursively the contents of the folder to another folder.
3. cp *.extension /path/to/folder  Copies files matching the given extension to the new folder.  To copy all .doc files, it becomes cp *.doc /path/to/folder and the folder must exist.
4. cp name* /path/to/folder  Copies all files starting with 'name' to the given folder.  To copy all files starting with example, it becomes cp example* /path/to/folder and the folder must exist.

mv -> Move files

1. The syntax of mv is similar to the example above with cp exempt for example #2.  mv does not take the -r flag since moving a folder also moves its contents.  The syntax is not exact in all instances, but works with the above examples.  Consult your manpages for more details.

rm -> Remove files

1. For all intents and purposes, removing files via rm is permanent.  It does not use the Trash bin.  Use with caution and make sure you are deleting explicitly what you want, not what you think you want.  If you decide to get fancy with your delete commands, it's probably going to come back to bite you.
2. rm file  Remove the specified file from the system.
3. rm -r folder  Remove the specified folder from the system
4. rm -rf folder  Removes the specified folder forcefully from the system.  This command can severely break your configuration if used incorrectly as it will not prompt you if something critical is being deleted.  If you have to use this, chances are something more is broken or there was a mistake made.  This should only be used as an absolute last resort method and is not recommended.

nano -> full command line text editor

1. One can edit files using nano in a terminal to do quick and dirty files all the way up to full configurations.  It's handy, but keep in mind it handles plain text files and programming files, things like MS Word documents will not open properly! 
2. If a file is owned by root, it is not editable as a normal user.  nano must be prefixed with sudo in order to save changes.  Otherwise, it will open in read-only mode.
3. nano newfile.whatever  Nano creates a new file of the specified name and opens it for editing.
4. nano existing_file  Nano opens the existing file for editing.
5. From inside nano
   1. Save file using the ctrl+o key combination, and either change the name or press entier to keep the same name.  This will save the file.
   2. Exit nano by using ctrl+x key combination.  If you have unsaved changes, it will ask if you want to save.

mkdir -> Create directories

1. mkdir folder_name  Creates the folder with the specified name
2. mkdir -p /path/to/folder/name  Creates each folder as necessary.  To create folder /home/justin/newfolder/2ndfolder, and only /home/justin exists, using mkdir -p will make both directories newfolder and 2ndfolder.

ps -> List processes

1. ps aux  List all processes in detail running on the system, including user, Process ID (PID), and name of process.  Using this, one can view their process list and if necessary, kill unnecessary or stalled processes.

kill / killall / xkill -> Kill offending processes.

1. kill PID  PID is a number referencing the offending process.  One should obtain the PID from a command like ps aux.  If a process refuses to die, one can alternatively specify kill -9 PID which should terminate the process by any means, even uncleanly or if it will mess up the system.
2. killall program  Killall kills *by name* all instances of said program.  If there are for example 3 firefox sessions open, killall firefox will do just that; kill all firefox sessions.  kill would simply take the specified PID of the offending firefox process you wish to kill, and kill that one only.
3. xkill is a GUI way to click and kill windows.  Typing in xkill should present a skull-and-crossbones icon, and the next window clicked on will be killed.

Pipes  ->  The most useful thing you will learn in *NIX.  Redirecting output of a program to anothers input.

1. Pipes are represented by the ' straight bar ' otherwise known as the ' | ' key.
2. It is a rarely used key in Windows, it is often found on the backslash key.
3. They are used to link commands together.  Pipes take the output of one command and route it to be used as input for a second command chained together.
4. Consult more online resources with information about pipes and their use as there are volumes.

> and >> redirectors  -> Send output to a file instead of the terminal.

1. > is used to *overwrite* currently existing files contents and replace with the output from the new command.
2. >> is used to *append* information to currently existing files.  This is useful for logging.
3. Example: ps aux > processes.log  Sends the output of ps aux to the file processes.log for viewing the command output in a text editor and overwrites the current contents of the file. 

tee -> Send output to both a file and the terminal

1. tee is used in conjunction with a ' | ' in order to take the command output and send it elsewhere.  This is useful if there are errors which fly by the screen before you can read them, this way whatever goes on the screen is also captured to a file.
2. Example: dmesg | tee boot.txt would run the command dmesg which shows the initial boot info, and the ' | ' sends the output of dmesg to tee, which then does its job by sending it to the terminal and to the log file boot.txt.

File Execution -> So you want to execute files or programs from the terminal?  Make sure it's  marked executable.  If not, see Quick Tip #4 below.

1. Need to execute a file in the current directory after it is marked executable?  The ./ operator can execute the file as a normal user provided you do not need root rights.  ./ literally means "in the current directory" so it does not work on files outside of the present directory.
    
2. Need to execute a file not in the current directory?  You must pass the path to the proper executing program.  If it is a python program, it's python /path/to/file and if it is a shell file, it is sh /path/to/file as an example.  There are of course other programs, but these will be the most common for beginners.
    
3. Need to execute a file with root rights because you received operation not permitted?  Prefix the command with sudo.  Thus, from the above example, sudo python /path/to/file will execute the script with root rights.
    
4. Need to execute a GUI program from the terminal?  Simply type the program name (case sensitive!) and it will launch.  This will render the current terminal unusable.  Closing the terminal while the program is open will kill the program.  A better way is to background the program, using program_name & and then typing the word exit at the terminal to close it and keep the process running.
    
5. Need to run a GUI program with root rights from the terminal?  Prefix it with gksudo or gksu and not sudo.  Using sudo to launch GUI applications is a bad habit and should be avoided.
    
6. Do not, do *not* use sudo simply because something receives "Operation not permitted."  Keep in mind what you are doing as you can absolutely *destroy* systems by running commands in the wrong place with root rights.  This point cannot be emphasized enough.  Make sure your files come from reputable sources.

Quick tips:

1. Lost yourself in a directory?  Not sure where you are?  Type pwd to print working directory.
    
2. Want to calculate your disk space quickly?  df -h can give you a quick checkup.
    
3. Want to calculate the size of a folder or file quickly?  du -cksh target_name can do exactly that.  Want to calculate the size of the current folder?  du -cksh .
    
4. Need to mark a file executable?  chmod +x filename can do that.  Next time you see a file you need to execute and it is not marked executable, now you know how to fix it.
    
5. Want to mount an iso like Daemon-Tools on Windows?  Linux has this functionality built in.  Simply create a directory somewhere, say /home/justin/isomount, and issue the command mount -o loop /path/to/myisofile.iso /home/justin/isomount and the contents will be mounted inside that folder.
    
6. Run a command before, you need to re-run it, but you can't really remember what it was exactly?  Type history into the terminal and it will print out your command history.  Want to clear your history?  history -c will wipe the information.